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Background and causes of the Iranian Revolution
The Iranian Revolution was a revolution that replaced a dictatorial monarchy with a theocracy based on "Guardianship of the Islamic Jurists" (or ''velayat-e faqih'').
Its causes — why the Shah (Mohammad Reza Pahlavi) was overthrown and why he was replaced by an Islamic Republic — are a subject of historical debate. The revolution was in part a conservative backlash against the westernization and secularization efforts of the Western-backed Shah, and a more popular reaction to social injustice and other shortcomings of the ''ancien régime''.〔Abrahamian, ''Iran Between Two Revolutions'', (1982), 534-5〕
The Shah was perceived by many Iranians as beholden to — if not a puppet of — a non-Muslim Western power (the United States)〔Brumberg, ''Reinventing Khomeini'' (2001).〕〔Shirley, ''Know Thine Enemy'' (1997), p. 207.〕 whose culture was contaminating that of Iran. The Shah's regime was seen as oppressive, brutal,〔Harney, ''The Priest'' (1998), pp. 37, 47, 67, 128, 155, 167.〕〔''Iran Between Two Revolutions'' by Ervand Abrahamian, p.437〕 corrupt and extravagant;〔〔Mackay, ''Iranians'' (1998), pp. 236, 260.〕 it also suffered from basic functional failures — an overly-ambitious economic program that brought economic bottlenecks, shortages and inflation.〔Graham, ''Iran'' (1980), pp. 19, 96.〕
==Background 1906–1977==
Shi'a clergy (or ''Ulema,'') have had a significant influence on the majority of Iranians, who have tended to be religious, traditional, and alienated from any process of Westernization. The clergy first showed themselves to be a powerful political force in opposition to Iran's monarch with the 1891 Tobacco Protest boycott that effectively destroyed an unpopular concession granted by the shah giving a British company a monopoly over buying and selling Tobacco in Iran. To some the incident demonstrated that the Shia ulama were "Iran's first line of defense" against colonialism.〔Nasr, Vali, ''The Shia Revival'', Norton, (2006), p. 117〕
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